Catherine Bennett | COVID winter is the on the way. Here's how to protect yourself

With winter looming, it's worth taking stock of where we are with COVID and what we might expect over the colder months - especially in the southern states and territories. The climate and the way our behaviour changes at this time of year increase the transmission potential for all infectious respiratory diseases.

This will be our second winter with Omicron subvariants, but there are signs it might not be as challenging as the last.

The last time we had national hospital counts above 2,400 was on January 20, some 12 weeks ago. Our dips in the Omicron era have previously been short lived. Variant BA.1 replaced BA.2 quickly this time last year and hospital counts rose above 2,400 within five weeks of the first wave. In November 2022, the hospital counts again climbed above 2,400 with a change in subvariants after only ten weeks of respite.

Will the current break last? Most states are seeing a rise in hospital numbers, but those that started climbing earliest (NSW, Victoria and Tasmania) might already be seeing hospital numbers levelling out. So there is hope the current surge will not lead to as high rates of severe illness.

And we know, COVID counts recorded for hospitals aren't all admissions for COVID. Most are incidental infections. Tasmanian data show on average less than one third of COVID positive patients were admitted for COVID illness.

With each wave, a smaller proportion of COVID positive patients are being reported in ICU. The proportion of people on ventilators because of COVID has also reduced to less than 10 per cent from 30 per cent in the initial January 2022 Omicron peak. The deaths associated with each peak have also fallen with each main wave, with the summer wave just passed having about half the daily deaths reported at its peak compared with our previous summer. Antivirals have played an important role, but so too has population immunity, now estimated at 99.6 per cent.

Thankfully, Omicron is less likely to cause severe illness, especially in a population with significant levels of immunity from both vaccine and prior infection. Antivirals also reduces the risk that infections will end up in hospital. But at times of peak infections, even a smaller proportion translates to significant loss of life among those who are vulnerable.

The shift in the dominant Omicron subvariants and their immune escape characteristics allow people to acquire new infections sooner than they might have if only exposed to the same variant they were infected with previously. Add to this the fact we now have a mix of variants in the population at any one time, then reinfections become more common and the overall infection rate will rise. So, while high levels of population immunity reduce the impact of infection, multiple variants circulating means infection rates can still rise.

Surveillance data from NSW show this time last year there were only two Omicron variants in circulation, BA.1. and BA.2. Now genomic testing is capturing 12 different Omicron variants and the dominant variants keep shifting, with XBB emerging as the most dominant strain alongside XBB1.5.

Reinfection is difficult to measure and will be seriously underestimated due to low reporting rates and mild or asymptomatic infections.

Reinfections help fuel infection rates and therefore increase the risk of exposure to people who are at risk of severe disease if infected.

We are still not sure whether having repeat infections might alter the chances of developing long COVID. It seems less likely for Omicron, especially in people who experience mild or no symptoms.

Young adults are still the group where most infections and reinfections occur. They should be conscious of the extra risks in the winter months with more indoor mixing and make sure they've have had at least one booster to reduce their long COVID risk.

Vaccination may still help reduce the risk of passing the virus on, even if you do become infected in the first month or two after a dose. A recent US prison study found the risk of onward transmission was reduced by nearly a quarter, and by 40 per cent in those who were both vaccinated and had a recent infection, but this protection wanes by about 6 per cent per week.

How this applies to a wider community is hard to gauge. People living in very close quarters have higher transmission rates than the general population - so it's not clear how much of a reduction we would see in the community setting, even among younger adults with higher rates of work place and social mixing.

Younger adults, like everyone else, are only eligible for a booster six months after their previous dose or their last infection - and many may not go six months without infection as they are the ones most likely to be infected during each Omicron peak which have been spaced less than six months apart.

The best protection against onward transmission in the prison study came from a combination of vaccine and recent prior infection. Once young adults have had their first booster, ongoing immunity boosting from subsequent exposures or infections means they - and therefore the population - have less to gain from multiple boosters.

For those who are vulnerable to severe infection, have a weakened immune response, or have been shielding from the community, a booster dose with the latest vaccines is still strongly recommended.

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The tools we used to manage transmission risk with previous variants do not work now. We saw with Delta that even strict lockdown and mask mandates could only just hold transmission in check with high vaccination coverage.

Omicron has some fundamental differences that undermine these measures, including a higher proportion of cases having a very high viral load, which means there is more virus in the aerosols people exhale. This undermines the effectiveness of masks, social distancing and other measures.

Omicron also has a shorter incubation period, which means more secondary cases will be infectious before the index case even knows they themselves are infected.

The Australian winter will likely see a rise in cases again. The cycle of subvariants will leave us exposed and hasten the waning of immunity. And we'll spend more time together indoors.

Being up-to-date with the latest COVID and flu vaccines is critical for those more vulnerable to waning immunity and serious illness, and may reduce symptoms in any adult who hasn't yet had their first booster or an infection in recent months.

It would be great if all symptomatic people could stay home. We'd have less respiratory illness all round. But even then exposure to COVID in the community would be inevitable with so many infectious people without symptoms.

Personal protection with well-fitted masks might still reduce the risk that exposure to Omicron variants will lead to infection in high-risk settings. But the safest plan is still to stay home if you are unwell, look for well-ventilated areas when out, open windows to ventilate your home before and during visits, and be considerate of those who are wearing masks as they are more than likely vulnerable and anxious.